Can observing nature improve human well-being? Opportunities for Ecotourism

Abstract

There are various forms of interaction an individual can have in natural environments, and there is still limited consensus on the specific benefits of biodiversity and nature observation for human health. In this context, the aim of this paper is to investigate whether nature observation can enhance human well-being and to explore the potential for developing innovative and sustainable opportunities in the ecotourism sector. The methodology followed a scoping review framework, utilizing a database of 211 articles based on Beute et al. (2023), with the goal of addressing a novel research question. The articles were categorized into two main types of nature interaction: active observation and passive observation. The systematic review results indicated that both direct observation of biodiversity and more indirect interactions with the natural environment yielded significant benefits for physical and mental health. Analysis of 67 selected studies revealed that 94.03% reported positive effects of contact with nature, encompassing 12 positive psychological effects and 5 physiological effects. Only 8.95% of the studies reported neutral effects, and no negative effects were observed. The evidence suggests that developing tourism experiences based on these benefits could enhance the attractiveness of destinations, promote visitor well-being, encourage environmental conservation, and value the ecosystem services provided by conserved green and blue spaces. However, it is crucial that future research incorporates the Brazilian context to ensure that these approaches are more realistic and tailored to local specifics.