Tremores
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34024/rnc.2006.v14.8786Palavras-chave:
Tremor, Classificação, Diagnóstico diferencialResumo
Tremor é o distúrbio do movimento mais comum e é caracterizado por oscilação involuntária e rítmica de qualquer parte do corpo decorrente de contrações de músculos antagonistas que podem ser síncronas ou alternantes. O tremor pode ser classificado de diversas maneiras de acordo com a etiologia, fenomenologia, freqüência e localização. Segundo a fenomenologia ou, mais exatamente, segundo as circunstâncias em que se manifesta podemos ter o tremor de repouso e de ação. A freqüência do tremor pode ser baixa (<4HZ), média (4 e 7Hz) e alta (>7Hz). No que se refere à localização, podemos observar o tremor em qualquer parte do corpo, sendo os membros superiores e a cabeça os segmentos mais acometidos. De acordo com a fenomenologia dos elementos do tremor pode ser combinado em diferentes síndromes.
Métricas
Referências
Koller WC. Diagnosis and treatment of tremors. Neurol Clin 1984; 2:499-514. 2. Findley LJ. Tremors. Differential diagnosis and pharmacology. In: Jankovic J, Tolosa E (eds). Parkinson’s disease and Movement Disorders. Baltimore, Urban e Schwarzenberg,1988. p.243-261.
Bíblia Sagrada – Eclesiastes, XII:3.
Parkinson J. An essay on the Shaking Palsy. In: Sherwood, Neely, Jones. London, 1817. ed. fac simile in Med Class 1938: 964-997.
Critchley M. Observations on essential (heredofamilial) tremor. Brain 1949;72:113-139.
Larsen TA, Calne DB. Review: essential tremor. Clin Neuropharmacol 1983; 6:185-206.
Fine EJ, Soria ED, Paroski MW. Tremor studies in 1886 through 1989. Arch Neurol 1990; 47:337-340.
Raymond F. Un cas de tremblement essentiel congénital (du type sénile). Rev Neurol 1901; 9:478-480.
Dana CL. Hereditary tremor, a hitherto undescribed form of motor neurosis. Am J Med Sci 1887; 94:386-393.
Minor L. Uber hereditaren tremor. Berl Ges f psychiatr u Nervenkrankh 1922; 13:514-516.
Marshall J. The effect of ageing upon physiological tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1961; 24:14-17.
Marsden CD, Meadows JC, Lange GW, Watson RS. The role of ballistocardiac impulse in the genesis of physiological tremor. Brain, 1969; 92:647-662.
Young RR, Hagbarth KE. Physiological tremor enhanced by manouvers affecting the segmental stretch reflex. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980; 43:248-256.
Jankovic J. Essential tremor: a heterogenous disorder. Mov Disord 2002; 17(4):638-644.
Louis ED. Essential tremor. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4:101-103. 16. Louis ED, Wendt KJ, Pullman SL, Ford B. Is essential tremor symetric? Observational data from a comunity-based study of essential tremor. Arch Neurol 1998;55:1553-1559.
Deuschl G, Bain P, Brin M, and an Ad Hoc Scinetific Comittee. Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on tremor. Mov Disord 1998; 13 (suppl 3):2-23.
Bain P, Brin M, Deuschl G, Elble R, Jankovic J, Findley LJ, et al. Neurology 2000; 54(suppl4):S7.
Koller WC, Rubino FA. Combined resting postural tremors. Arch Neurol 1985, 42:683-84.
Cohen O, Pullman S, Jurewicz E, Watner D, Loius ED. Rest tremor in patients with essential tremor. Prevalence, clinical correlates and electrophysiologic characteristics. Arch Neurol 2003; 60:405-410.
Borges V, Ferraz HB, Andrade LAF. Tremor essencial. Caracterização clínica de uma amostra de 176 pacientes. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1994;52:161-165.
Young RR. Essential familial tremor. In: Vinken, PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL (eds). Handbook of Clinical Neurology – Extrapiramidal Disorders. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1986:565-581.
Larsson T, Sjogren T. Essential tremor: a clinical and genetic population study. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 1960; 36 (suppl 144):1-176.
Gulcher Jr, Jonsson P, Kong A, Kristjansson K, Frigge ML, Karason A, et al. Mapping of a familial essential tremor gene FET1, to cromossome 3q13. Nat Genet 1997:17:84-87.
Higgins JJ, Pho LT, Nee LE. A gene (ETM) for essential tremor maps to cromossome 2p22-p25. Mov Disord 1997;12:859-864.
Higgins JJ, Lombardi RQ, Pucilowska J, Jankovic J, Tan EK, Rooney JP. A variant in the HS1-BP3 gene is associated with familial essential tremor. Neurology 2005: 64:417-421.
Higgins J, Lombardi RQ, Tan E, Jankovic J, Pucilowska J, Rooney JP. Haplotype analysis at the ETM2 locus in a Singaporean sample with familial essential tremor. Clin Genet 2004:66:353-357.
De Montigny C, Lamarre Y. Rhytmic activity induced by harmaline in the olivo-cerebello-bulbar system of the cat. Brain Research 1973;53:81-95.
Pinto AD, Lang AE, Chen R. The cerebellothalamocortical pathway in essential tremor. Neurology 2003; 60:1985-1987.
Rajput AH, Rozdilsky B, Ang L. Ocurrence of resting tremor in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1991:1298-1299.
Koller WC, Vetere-Overfield B, Barter R. Tremors in early Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 1989;12:293-297.
Lance JW, Scwab RS, Peterson EA. Action tremor and the cogwheel phenomenon in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 1963;86:95-110.
Louis ED, Levy G, Cote LJ, Mejia H, Fahn S, Marder K. Clinical correlates of action tremor in Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol 2001;58:1630-1634.
Jankovic J, Schwartz KS, Ondo W. Re-emergent tremor of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67:646-650.
Ghaemi M, Raethjen J, Hilker R, Rudolf J, Sobesky J, Deuschl G, et al. Monosymptomatic resting tremor and Parkinson’s disease: a multicenter positron emission tomographic study. Mov Disord 2002; 17:782-788.
Fahn S. Differential diagnosis of tremors. Med Clin North Am 1972;56:1363- 375.
Heiman KM. Orthostatic tremor. Arch Neurol 1984;41:880-881.
Sharott A, Marsden J, Brown P. Mov Disord 2003;18:195-199.
Holmes G. On certain tremors in organic cerebral lesions. Brain 1904; 27:327-375.
Jankovic J, Leder S, Warnwr D, Schwartz K. Cervical dystonia: clinical findings and associated movement disorders. Neurology 1991, 41:1088-1091.
Klein C, Ozelius LJ. Dystonia: clinical features, genetics and treatment. Curr Opin Neurol 2002; 15:491-497.
Ferraz HB, Andrade LAF, Silva SMCA, Borges V, Rocha MSG. Tremor postural e distonia. Aspectos clínicos e considerações fisiopatológicas. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1994;52:466-470.
Rothwell JC, Traub MM, Marsden CD. Primary writing tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979;42:1106-1114.
Said G, Bathien N, Cesaro P. Peripheral neuropathies and tremor. Neurology 1982; 32:480-485.
Cardoso FE, Jankovic JJ. Hereditary motor-sensory neuropathy and movement disorders. Muscle & Nerve 1993; 16:904-910.
Koller WC, Lang A, Veter-Overfield B, Findley LJ, Cleeves L, Factor S, et al. Psychogenic tremors. Neurology 1989; 39:1094-1099.
Deuschl G, Toro C, Valls SJ, Zeffiro T, Zee DS, Hallet M. Symptomatic and essential palatal tremor. 1. Clinical, physiological and MRI anlysis. Brain 1994;775-788.
Patten BM. Wilson’s disease. In: Jankovik J, Tolosa E (eds). Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders. Baltimore, Urban, Schwarzenberg 1988;179-190.
Barbosa ER, Comerlatti LR, Scaff M, Canelas HM. Degeneração hepatolenticular: aspectos diagnósticos em 95 casos. Arq Neuro-Psiquiat 1985:43:234-242.
Hagerman RJ, Leehey M, Heinrichs W, Tassone F, Wilson R, Hills J, et al. Intention tremor, parkinsonism and generalized brain atrophy in male carriers of fragile X. Neurology 2001; 57:127-130.
Baba Y, Uitti R. Fragile-X associated tremor/ataxia syndrome and movement disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 2005;18:393-398.
