Disorders of Human Consciousness - Part 2 of 3
The Approach To The Infirm In Coma
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4181/RNC.2012.20.67402.8pKeywords:
Consciousness Disorders, Diagnosis, Physical ExaminationAbstract
This article – part 2 of 3 – presents an overview of the diagnostic approach of the patient in a coma, highlighting the semiotic research. Generally, evaluating patients, whose level of consciousness is impaired, is a complex task, considering the difficulties to directly analyze the conscience status. Therefore, their evaluation requires a close observation of a set of clinical signs based on a careful and systematic neurological evaluation of the following aspects: (1) awareness, (2) diameter and pupillary reflex, (3) extrinsic movement of eyes, and (4) respiratory pattern, (5) skeletal motor response to different stimuli. The proper coordination between these items, together with data collected from the interview – when it is possible – will allow the proposal of diagnostic hypotheses, which will guide the requisition of additional tests and the therapeutic.
Metrics
References
Laureys S, Owen AM, Schiff ND. Brain function in coma, vegetative state, and related disorders. Lancet Neurol 2004;3:537-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00852-X
Forsberg S, Höjer J, Ludwigs U. Prognosis in patients presenting with non- -traumatic coma. J Emerg Med 2012;42:249-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.04.021
Owen AM. Disorders of Consciousness. Ann NY Acad Sci 2008;1124:225-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1440.013
Bekinschtein T, Manes F. Evaluating brain function in patients with disorders of consciousness. Clev Clin J Med 2008;75(suppl2):S71-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.75.Suppl_2.S71
Adukauskienė D, Budrytė B, Karpec D. Koma: priežastys, diagnostika, gydymas. Medicina (Kaunas) 2008;44:812-8.
Andrade AF, Carvalho RC, Amorim RLO, Paiva WS, Figueiredo EG, Teixeira MJ. Coma e outros estados de consciência. Rev Med (São Paulo) 2007;86:123-31.
Bateman DE. Neurological Assessment of Coma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;71(suppl I):i13-7.
Schnakers C, Majerus S, Laureys S. Diagnostic et évaluation des états de conscience altérée. Réanimation 2004;13:368-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reaurg.2004.03.019
Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974;2:81-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91639-0
Siqueira-Batista R, Albuquerque AKC, Esperidião-Antonio V, Gomes AP, Quintas LEM. O sistema nervoso autônomo. Rev Bras Clín Ter 2004;30:206-12.
Blumenfeld H. The Neurological Examination of Consciousness. In: Laureys S, Tonini G. The Neurology of Consciousness. London: Elsevier; 2009; p15-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374168-4.00002-2
Nitrini R. Coma e Estados Alterados da Consciência. In: Bacheschi LA, Nitrini R, A neurologia que todo médico deve saber. 2ª ed. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003, p143-69.
Machado ABM. Formação Reticular e Neurônios Monoaminérgicos do Tronco Encefálico. In: Machado ABM. Neuroanatomia Funcional. 2ª ed. São Paulo: Livraria Atheneu,2005,p195-203.
Bates D. Medical coma. In: Hughes R. Neurological Emergencies. 4ª ed, London: BJM Books, 2003, p1-33.
Liao J, Tso Y. An approach to critically ill patients in coma. West J Med 2002;176:184-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ewjm.176.3.184
Posner JB, Saper CB, Schiff ND, Plum F. Examination of the comatose patient. In: Posner JB, Saper CB, Schiff ND, Plum F. Plum and Posner’s diagnosis of stupor and coma. New York: Oxford University Press. 4ª ed, 2007, p.38-87.
Stevens RD, Bhardwaj A. Approach to the comatose patient. Crit Care Med 2006;34:31-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000194534.42661.9F
Esperidião-Antonio V, Majeski-Colombo M, Toledo-Monteverde D, Moraes- Martins G, Fernandes JJ, Assis, MB et al. Neurobiologia das emoções. Rev Psiq Clín 2008;35;55-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S010160832008000200003
Franco SRDA, Kubo EA, Prado LBF, Prado GF. Respiração de Cheyne- -Stokes é pouco reconhecida no paciente internado. Rev Neurocienc 2004;12:186-91.
Cambier J. Coma. In: Cambier J, Dehen H, Masson M. Neurologia. 11ª edição. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2005, p71-7.
Gusmão SS, Campos GB, Teixeira AL. Exame Neurológico: bases anatomofuncionais. 2ª edição. Rio de Janeiro: Revinter, 2008 374p.
Laureys S. Eyes Open, Brain Shut. Sci Am 2007;296:32-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0507-84
