Sport-related brain concussion: a narrative literature review

Abstract

Introduction. Recently, Sport-Related Concussion (SRC) has received increasing attention, highlighting the importance of diagnosing and treating this condition that occurs during sports activities, aiming to minimize issues such as Second Impact Syndrome (SIS) and Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS). Objective. To gather evidence on clinical aspects, diagnostic tools, and interventions that help reduce the risk of concussions and aid in the functional recovery of athletes post-SRC. Method. This is a narrative literature review. The search was conducted in the following databases: Pubmed/Medline, Scielo, LILACS, Google Scholar, and gray literature, in Portuguese and English, published between 2008 and 2024. Results. Concussions are frequently recognized but often underreported. Inadequate management can lead to persistent issues such as PCS and SIS. A concussion is a complex process resulting from a biomechanical insult to the brain, triggering a cascade of harmful neurometabolic events. Consequences include neurocognitive, psychological, and motor problems. Treatment involves rest and gradual return to activities, with rehabilitation including aerobic and vestibular exercises. Conclusion. There is a notable lack of knowledge about SRC and related syndromes, especially in contact sports, where diagnosis and evaluation are challenging due to the diversity of symptoms. Underestimation of injuries by professionals and the sports community impacts athletes' well-being. It is crucial to improve diagnostic methods and post-concussion care. Prevention includes education on game rules and rigorous monitoring of athletes. Greater educational effort is needed for the recognition, management, and prevention of concussions.