The Archaeology of Ethnicity and Race in the Roman World

The Jewish Black Moses Case

Authors

  • Márcio Teixeira-Bastos University of São Paulo
  • Pedro Paulo Abreu Funari State University of Campinas

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34024/herodoto.2025.v10.22731

Keywords:

Archaeology, Classics and Race, Dura Europos, Cultural Whitewashing

Abstract

In this article, we examine archaeological interpretations of ethnicity and race in the Roman world, with a special focus on the representation of Moses in the Middle East, particularly in Syria. We argue that ethnicity is a dynamic and instrumental phenomenon expressed through materiality and social practices. Our paper highlights how representations of Moses in the Dura Europos synagogue (244-245 CE) clearly depict a dark-skinned man, contradicting the later appropriation that whitewashed his image in Greco-Roman art. We demonstrate that the whitewashing process was intentional, propagating a false notion of aesthetics for centuries. We also explore how concepts of race and blackness were distorted to legitimize racism, particularly through the appropriation of the Ham myth. We conclude that archaeology provides crucial evidence for understanding ethnic and racial diversity in antiquity, challenging hegemonic narratives that have erased the presence and importance of marginalized peoples (especially Black and Jewish people) in the ancient world.

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Author Biographies

  • Márcio Teixeira-Bastos, University of São Paulo

    Doutor em Arqueologia pelo Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo (2016) com período de intercâmbio no Departamento de Arqueologia da Universidade de Durham, UK, Inglaterra (2014). É também Doutor em Arqueologia e Culturas do Oriente Médio pela Escola de Estudos Judaicos da Universidade de Tel Aviv, ISR, Israel (2023). Mestrado em Arqueologia pelo MAE-USP (2011), com período de intercâmbio na Tel Aviv University (2010). Graduação em História pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG, 2005). Fez Pós-Doutorado em Arqueometria no MAE-USP (2019). Pós-Doutorado em Antropologia na Stanford University, USA, Estados Unidos (2020). Pós-Doutorado em História (Cultura, Historiografia e Patrimônio) na UNESP-Assis (2022). É coordenador do Laboratório de Arqueologia e Antropologia das Populações do Oriente Médio (LAPOMED-USP), do Departamento de Antropologia (DA-USP), financiado pela FAPESP (2023/00172-8), sediado no Centro de Pesquisa e Inovação (INOVA-USP) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). (Fonte: Currículo Lattes)

  • Pedro Paulo Abreu Funari, State University of Campinas

    Professor Titular (História Unicamp 2004), Livre-Docente (História Unicamp 1996), Doutor (Arqueologia USP 1990), Mestre (Antropologia Social USP 1985), Bacharel (História USP 1981), Técnico (Publicidade 1976). Distinguished Lecturer University of Stanford, Research Associate,Illinois State University, Universidad de Barcelona, Université Laval, líder de grupo de pesquisa CNPq, assessor científico da FAPESP, orientador em Stanford e Binghamton, colaborador da UFPR, UFPel, docente da UNESP (1986-1992) e professor de pós das Universidades do Algarve (Portugal), Nacional de Catamarca, del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, UFRJ, UERJ. Supervisionou pessoas de diversas nacionalidades, orientações sexuais, afrodescentes, indígenas, mulheres (>50), de minorias étnicas e religiosas, + de 120 orientações de graduação, 19 pós-doutoramentos, 43 doutoramentos, 48 mestrados, 2 esp., hoje destacados pesquisadores, líderes em instituições de prestígio (London School of Economics, Durham University, Université de Tours, Universidad del Norte (Barranquilla, Colômbia), UNICAMP, USP, UNESP, UFRJ, UFF, UFMG, UFPR, UFRJ, UnB, MASJ, UEL, UFPel, UCS, UEMG, UEM, UMESP, Uniplac, PUCPR, FESB, UNIFAP, UFS, UNIP, Unifesp, C. U. Claretiano, UFG, UFBA, UNIFAL, UFMA, UFPA, UFOP, UEG, UFPE, UFMS, UFCG, UnB, Museu da Bacia do Paraná, UFAL, Udesc, Museo Nacional de Colombia, Un. da Força Aérea, Un. Liège, Mackenzie, Univille, U. Texas. Na Unicamp, Coordenador do Núcleo de Estudos Estratégicos (2007/09) e do Nepam (2014/16), representante do IFCH na CADI (2005-2009) e dos titulares no DH (2015/6), Assessor do Gabinete do Reitor e Coordenador do Centro de Estudos Avançados da Unicamp (2009-2013), apresentador do programa da RTV Unicamp ''Diálogo sem fronteira'' (2011/6), >240 entrevistas, com centenas de milhares de visualizações. Participa do conselho editorial de mais de 60 revistas científicas pelo mundo. Publicou e organizou 584 livros, reedições e capítulos nos Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, Austrália, Áustria, França, Holanda, Itália, Espanha, Argentina, Colômbia, Brasil, 800 artigos, resenhas e notas em mais de 150 revistas científicas estrangeiras e brasileiras arbitradas, como Current Anthropology, Antiquity, Revue Archéologique, Journal of Social Archaeology, American Antiquity, American Journal of Archaeology, Dialogues d' Histoire Ancienne, Bonner Jahrbücher. Foram publicadas mais de 80 resenhas de seus livros (> 30 delas em revistas estrangeiras). Projetos conjuntos com pesquisadores estrangeiros resultaram na visita de numerosos estudiosos, das principais instituições de pesquisa do mundo (Universidades de Londres, Paris, Saint Andrews, Boston, Southampton, Durham, Illinois, Barcelona, Havana, Buenos Aires, Londres, CNRS). Participou de mais de 600 eventos, organizou 181 reuniões científicas. Foi Secretary, World Archaeological Congress (2002-2003), membro permanente do conselho da Union Internationale des Sciences Préhistoriques e Protohistoriques (UISPP), académico estranjero de la Academia de Historia de Cuba. Líder de Grupo de Pesquisa do CNPq, sediado na Unicamp e vice-líder de dois outros. Editor de coleção de livros com 33 volumes, com apoio acadêmico da FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES, FAPEMIG e UNICAMP. Co-editor da Coleção Historical Archaeology in South America (University of Alabama). Atua na área de História e Arqueologia, História Antiga e Arqueologia Histórica, Latim, Grego, Cultura Judaica, Cristianismo, Religiosidades, Ambiente e Sociedade, E. Estratégicos, Turismo, Patrimônio, Relações de Gênero, E. Avançados. Google Scholar 12655 citações, índice H = 54 e i10 = 220, FAPESP: 128, academia.edu: 24037 seguidores 1022827 consultas, 14139 public mentions, RG H = 21, 222349 consultas, 1844 citações, Research Interest 1811, 362 recomendações, 2096738 (n USP), ORCID 0000-0003-0183-7622, ppfunari@uol.com.br http://lattes.cnpq.br/4675987454835364, Web of Science ID: B-9867-2012.//pedropauloafunari.academia.edu, n. unicamp 245445 (Fonte: Currículo Lattes)

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2026-07-26

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Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): GTHA - RS

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The Archaeology of Ethnicity and Race in the Roman World : The Jewish Black Moses Case. (2026). Heródoto: Revista Do Grupo De Estudos E Pesquisas Sobre a Antiguidade Clássica E Suas Conexões Afro-asiáticas, 10(2), 210-237. https://doi.org/10.34024/herodoto.2025.v10.22731