Aprendizagem e Memória
Contexto Motor
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34024/rnc.2001.v9.8913Palavras-chave:
Memória, aprendizado, aprendizado motorResumo
O SN tem duas funções básicas: a manutenção da homeostase do organismo e a emissão de comportamentos. Estes são resultados da interação dos fatores genéticos com o ambiente, sofrendo modificações constantes, as quais resultam dos processos neurobiológicos que definem a aprendizagem. O aprendizado e a memória são divididos em dois tipos: o declarativo (explícito) e não declarativo (implícito). Esses dois tipos de aprendizado apresentam características, estruturas anatômicas e maneiras de aquisição distintas. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar as diferenças entre os tipos de aprendizado e memória, enfocando o aprendizado motor.
Referências
Timo-Iaria C. Organização do Sistema nervoso. In: Canela HM, Assis JL, Scaff M. Fisiopatologia do sistema nervoso. São Paulo, Sarvier, 1983.
Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM. Essentials of neural science and behaviour. Nova Jersey, Appleton & Lange, 1995.
Luria AR. Fundamentos de neuropsicologia. Rio de Janeiro, Livros Técnicos e Científicos Editora S.A, 1981.
Berguson H. Matiere et memorie. Paris, 1896.
Lashley KS. In search of the engram. In: Physiological mechanisms in animal behavior, Academic Press, 1950.
Hydén H. The neuron. In: Brachet J e Mirsky AE (ed). The Cell. Academic Press, 1960.
Hydén H. A molecular basis of neuron-glia interaction. Macromolecular specificity and biological memory. In: Schmitt FO (ed). MIT Press, 1962.
Hydén H. RNA: a funcional characeristic of neuron and glia in learning. In: RNA and brain function in learning. Brazier M (ed), Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964.
de Robertis EDP. Histopathology of synapses and neurosecretion. Paris, Pergamon Press, 1964.
Eccles JC. The physiology of synapses. Spring Verlag, 1964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-64950-9
Cohen RP. Preserved learning capacity in amnesia: evidence for multiple memory systems. In: L. R. Squire, N. Butters (ed). Neuropsychology of memory. New York, 1984. pp. 83-103.
Schacter D. Implicit memory: history and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology of Learning, Memory and Cognition, 13:501-18, 1987.
Squire LR. Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from finding with rats, monkeys and humans. Psychological review, 99:195-231, 1992.
Tulving E. How many memory systems are there? American Psychopharmacology, 40:385-98, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.40.4.385
Squire LR e Zola-Morgan. Memory brain systems and behavior. Trends Neurosci, 11:170-5, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(88)90144-0
Dickinson A. Contemporary animal learning theory. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980.
Kandel ER e Schwartz JH. Principles of neural science. New York, Elsevier, 1991.
Millenson JR. Princípios de análise do comportamento. Tradução de Alina de Almeida Souza e Dione de Rezende. Brasília, Ed. Coordenada, 1967.
Castellucci VF, Carew TJ, Kandel ER. Cellular analysis of long-term habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex of Aplysia california. Science, 202:1306-8, 1978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.214854
Frost WN, Castellucci VF, Hawkins RD, Kandel ER. Monosynaptic connections from the sensory neurons participate in the storage of long-term memory in Aplysia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 82:8266-9, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.82.23.8266
Hazeltine E, Grafton ST, Ivry R. Attention and stimuls characteristics determine the locus of motor-sequence encoding. A PET study. Brain, 120(Pt.1):123-40, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/120.1.123
Lang W, Lang M, Kornhuber A, Deecke L, Kornhuber HH. Human cerebral potentials and visuomotor learning. Pflugers Archives, 399:342-4, 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00652762
Lang W, Lang M, Podreka I, Steiner M, Uhl F, Suess E, Muller C, Deecke L DC- potential shifys and regional cerebral blood flow reveal frontal cortex involvement in human visuomotor learning. Experimental Brain Reseaech, 71:353-64, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00247495
Seitz RJ, Roland PE, Bohm C, Greitz T, Stone-Elander S. Motor learning in man: Apositron emissiontomographic study. Neuroreport 1:57-66, 1990.
Seitz RJ e Roland PE. Learning of sequencial finger movements in man: a combined kinematic and positron emission tomographic (PET) study. Europ J Neurosc, 4:154-65, 1992.
Passingham RE. Attention to action. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol. Sci, 351:1473-9, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0132
Pascual-Leone A, Wassermann EM, Grafman J, Hallett M. The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in implicit procedural learning. Exp Brain Res, 107:479-85, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00230427
Grafton ST, Fagg AH, Arbib MA. Dorsal premotor cortex and conditional movement selection: A PET functional mapping study. J Neurophysiol, 79:1092-7, 1998.
Grafton ST, Mazziotta JC, Presty S, Friston KJ, Phelps ME. Functional anatomy of human procedural learning determined with regional cerebral flow and Pet. J Neuroscience, 12:2542-8, 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-07-02542.1992
Donoghue JP e Sanes JN. Motor areas of cerebral cortex. J. Clin Neurophysiol, 11:382-96, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199407000-00002
Kaneko T, Caria MA, Asanuma H. Information processing within the motor cortex. I. Responses of morphologically identified motor cortical cells to stimulation of the somatosensory cortex. J Comp Neurol, 345: 161-71, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903450202
Asasuma H e Pavlides C. Neurobiological basis motor learning in mammals. Neuroreport, 8(4): i-vi, 1997.
Schadmehr R e Holcomb HH. Neural correlayes of motor memory consolidation. Science, 277:821-5, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5327.821
Halsband U e Freund HJ. Premotor cortex and conditional motor learning in man. Brain, 113:207-22, 1990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/113.1.207
Marr D. A theory of cerebelar cortex. J Physiol (Lond), 202:437-71, 1969. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008820
Albus JS. A theory of cerebellar function. Math Biosci, 10:25-61, 1971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5564(71)90051-4
Sanes JN, Dimitrov B, Hallett JP. Motor learning in patients with cerebellar dysfunction. Brain, 113:103-20, 1990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/113.1.103
Raymond JL, Liesberger SG, Mauk MD. The cerebellum: a neuronal learning machine? Res Q Exerc Sport, 67:280-7, 1996.
Paulim MG. Neural representation of moving systems. Int Ver Neurobiol, 41:515-33, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60368-2
Thompson JK, Tracy JA, Weinger MS, Krupa DJ. Associative Learning. Int Rev Neurobiol, 41:151-89, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60351-7
Doyon J. Skill learning. Int Rev Neurobiol, 41:273-94, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60356-6
Kleim JA, Vij K, Ballard DH, Greenough WT. Learningdependet synaptic modifications in the cerebellar cortex of the adult rat persist for at least four weeks. J Neurosci, 17:717-21, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-02-00717.1997
Harvey JA, Welsh JP, Thach TW. Learning and performance: A critical review of the role of the cerebellum in instrumental and classical conditioning. In: Bloedel JR, Ebner TJ, Wise SP. The acquisition of motor behavior in vertebrates. Massachusetts, Bradford, 1996, pp. 439.
Thach TW. A cerebelar role in the acquisition of novel static and dynamic muscle activities in the holding, pointing, throwing and reaching. In: Bloedel JR, Ebner TJ, Wise SP (ed). The acquisition of motor behavior in vertebrates. Massachusetts, Bradford, 1996, pp. 223-34, pp. 439.
Kimura M. Role of basal ganglia in behaviral learning. Neurosc Res, 22:353-8, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-0102(95)00914-F
Schumway-Cook A e Woolacott M. Motor control – theory and practical applications. Williams & Wilkins, 1995.
Lippman LG e Rees R. Consequences of error production in a perceptual-motor task. J Gen Psychol, 124:133-42, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309709595512
Kandel ER e Hawtkins RS. The biological basis of learning and individuality. Sci Am. 267:78-86, 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0992-78
Goelet P, Castellucci VF, Schacher S. Kandel ER. The long and the short of long-term memory – a molecular framework. Nature, 322:419-22, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/322419a0
Zigmound MJ, Bloom FE, Landis SC, Roberts JL, Squire LR. Fundamental neuroscience. Academic Press, San Diego, 1999.
Zalutskt RA e Nicoll RA. Comparison of two forms of long-term potentiation in single hippocampal neurons. Science, 248:1619-24, 1990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2114039
Merzenich MM, Kaas JH, Wall J, Nelson RJ, Sur M, Felleman D. Topographic reorganization of somatosensory cortical areas 3B and 1 in adult monkeys following restricted deaferentiation. Neuroscience, 8:33-55, 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(83)90024-6
Pascual-Leone A, Hallet M, Sadato N, Wassermann EM. The role of reading activity on the modulation of motor cortical outputs to the reading hand in Braille eaders. Ann Neurol 38:10-915, 1995b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410380611
Pascual-Leone A, Hallet M, Cammarota A, Brasil-Neto JP, Cohen LG, Nguyet D. Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills. J Neurophysiol, 74:1037-45, 1995a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1037
Kaas JH. The reorganization of sensory and motor maps in adult mammals. In: Gazzaniga MS (ed). The cognitive neuroscience. cap. 4, Massachusetts, Institute of Tecnology, 1996, pp. 51-65.
Marshall JF. Brain function: neural adaptations and recovery from injury. Annual Review of Psychology, 35277-308, 1984. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.35.020184.001425
Cotman CW, Niete-Sampedro M, Harris, EW. Synapse replacement in the central nervous system of adult vertebrates. Physiological Reviews, 61:684-784, 1981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1981.61.3.684
Cotman CW e Lynch GS. The neurobiology of learning and memory. Cognition, 33:201-41, 1989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(89)90010-3
Flohr H, Luneburg U. Effects of ACTH4-10 on vestibular compensation. Brain Research, 248:169-73, 1982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(82)91158-1
Darlington CL, Flohr H, Smith PF. Molecular mechanisms of brainstem plasticity. The vestibular compensation model. Molecular Neurobiology, 5:355-68, 1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02935558
Mattioli R, Shwarting RKW, Huston JP. Recovery from unilateral 6-hydroxydopamina lesion of substantia nigra promoted by the neurotachynin substance P. Neuroscience, 48:595-605, 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(92)90404-P
Freund HJ, Sabel BA, Witte OW. Advances in neurology – brain plasticity. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1997, p. 409.
