Dor e depressão
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34024/rnc.2006.v14.8762Palavras-chave:
Antidepressivo, Depressão, DorResumo
Dor crônica é condição dispendiosa e clinicamente debilitante. É considerada como um fenômeno biopsicossocial. A dor crônica inclui uma grande variedade de condições clínicas bastante heterogênias. Os programas de reabilitação sem a participação de reabilitação na área de saúde mental proporcionam resultados insatisfatórios. A psicopatologia pode também aumentar a intensidade da dor e da incapacidade e pode perpetuar a disfunção relacionada a dor. Muito desse interesse se deve ao fato de elevada freqüência com que doentes com dor crônica sofrem depressão. Relação temporal entre essas anormalidades pode variar: a depressão pode preceder a ocorrência da dor crônica, ser conseqüência da dor crônica ou pode ser um evento biológico concomitante com a dor crônica. Ao mesmo tempo os fenômenos psicopatológicos intensificam a experiência dolorosa. A relação entre a dinâmica e o reforço entre dor psicopatologia torna impossível tratamento de cada condição independentemente de outra.
Referências
Teixeira MJ. Dor no Brasil: estado atual e perspectivas. São Paulo: Editora Limay; 1995.
Merskey H, Albe-Fessard DG, Bonica JJ, Carmon A, Dubner R, Kerr FWL, et al. Pain terms: a list with definitions and notes on usage. Recommended by the IASP subcommittee on Taxonomy. Pain 1979; 6: 249-252.
Anderson HI, Ejlertsson G, Leden I, Rosenberg C. Chronic pain in a geographically define general population: study of diferences in age, gender, social class and pain localization. Clin J Pain 1993; 9:174-182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199309000-00004
Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain. 2nd ed. Seattle: IASP Press; 1994.
Cassem EH. Depression and anxiety secondary to medical illness. Psychiat Clin North Am 1990;13: 597-611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30338-1
Salt TE. The possible involvement of excitatory amino acids and NMDA receptors in thalamic pain mechanisms and central pain syndromes. Am Pain Soc J 1992; 1: 52-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1058-9139(06)80012-4
Basbaum A, Bushnell MC. Pain: basic mechanisms. In: GIamberardino MA. Pain 2002 – an Updated Review – International Association for the Study of Pain, Seattle, IASP Press; 2002. p. 3-7.
Fessell TM, Dodd F. Function chemistry of primary afferent neurons. In: Wall PD, Melzack R (eds). Textbook of pain. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1989. p. 82-99.
Teixeira MJ. Anatomia e fisiologia das unidades nociceptivas e supressoras da dor. In: Teixeira MJ, Braum Filho JL, Marquez JO, Lin TY (eds). Dor: contexto Interdisciplinar. Curitiba: Editora Maio; 2003. p.119-46.
Denis SG, Melzack R. Pain-signalling systems in the dorsal and ventral spinal cord. Pain 1977; 4: 97-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(77)90126-9
Ignelzi RJ, Atkinson JH. Pain and its modulation. Neurosurgery 1980; 6: 577-583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198005000-00015
Willis WD. The origin and destination of pathways involved in pain transmition. In: Wall PD, Melzack R (eds). Textbook of pain. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1989. p. 112-27.
Bowsher D. Role of the reticular formation in response to noxious stimulation. Pain 1976; 2: 361-378. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(76)90079-8
Basbaum A, Bushnell MC. Pain: basic mechanisms. In: Giamberardino MA. Pain 2002 – an Updated Review – International Association for the Study of Pain, Seattle, IASP Press; 2002. p. 3-7.
Wall DM. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on receptive fields of cells in the cat spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 1981; 199: 277-291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901990209
Brown AG. Cutaneous axons and sensory neurons in the spinal cord. Br Med Bull 1977; 33:109-112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071409
Bowsher D. Termination of the central pain pathway in man: the conscious appreciation of pain. Brain 1957; 80: 606-622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/80.4.606
Guilbaud G, Besson JM, Oliveras JL, Wyon-Maillard MC. Modification of the firing rate of bulbar reticular units (nucleus gigantocellularis) after intra-arterial injection of bradykinin into the limb. Brain Res 1973; 63:131-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(73)90082-6
Tasker RR, Emmers R. Patterns of somesthetic projection in SI and SII of the human thalamus. Confin Neurol 1967; 29:160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000103697
Craig AD, Wiegand SJ, Price JL. The thalamocortical projections of the nucleus submedius in the cat. J Comp Neurol 1982; 206:28-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902060105
Casey KL, Minoshima S, Berger KL, Koeppe RA, Morrow TJ, Frey KA. Positron emission tomographic analysis of cerebral structures activated by repetitive noxious heat stimuli. J Neurophysiol 1994; 71:802-807. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.2.802
Cervero F, Iggo A. The substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord: a critical review. Brain 1980; 103: 717-772. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/103.4.717
Hertz A. Opiates, opioids and their reception in the modulation of pain. Acta Neurochir 1987; 38(Suppl):36-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6975-9_5
Yaksh TL, Hammond DL. Peripheral and central substrates involved in the rostral transmission of nociceptive information. Pain 1982; 13:1-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(82)90067-7
Willis WD, Kenshalo DR Jr, Leonard RB. The cells of origin of the primate spinothalamic tract. J Comp Neurol 1979; 188:543-574. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901880404
Yaari Y, Devor M. Phenytoin suppresses spontaneous ectopic discharge in rat sciatic nerve neuromas. Neurosci Lett 1985; 58:117-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(85)90339-8
Willis WD, Coggesshall RE. Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord. New York: Plenum Press; 1978. p. 485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1688-7
Blumenkopf B. Neurochemistry of the dorsal horn. Appl Neurophysiol 1988; 51:89-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000099952
Berson BS, Berntson GG, Zipf W, Torello MW, Kirk WT. Vasopressin-induced antinociception: an investigation into its physiological and hormonal basis. Endocrinology 1983; 11:337-343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-113-1-337
Brodie MS, Proudfit HK. Hypoalgesia induced by the local injection of carbachol into the nucleus raphe magnus. Brain Res 1984; 291: 337-342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)91266-6
Hammond DZ, Levy RA, Proudfit HK. Hypoalgesia following microinjection of noradrenergic antagonists in the nucleus raphe magnus. Pain 1980; 9: 85-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(80)90031-7
Leavens ME, Hill CS Jr, Cech DA, Weyland JB. Weston JS. Intrathecal and intraventricular morphine for pain in cancer patients: initial study. J Neurosurg 1982; 56:241-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1982.56.2.0241
Melzack R, Wall PD, Ty TC. Acute pain in an emergency clinic: latent of onset and descriptor patterns related to different injuries. Pain 1982; 14: 33-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(82)90078-1
Levine JD, Gordon NC, Fields HW.- The mechanisms of placebo analgesia. Lancet 1978; 2:654-657. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92762-9
Melzack R. The Puzzle of pain. Auckland: Penguin Books; 1977.
Wall PD. Introduction. In: Wall PD, Melzack R, editors. Textbook of pain. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1989. p. 1-18.
Boivie J. Central pain. In: Wall PD, Melzack R (eds). Textbook of pain. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 871-902.
Hsieh JC, Belfrage M, Stone-elander S. Central representation of chronic ongoing neurophatic pain studied by positron emission tomography. Pain 1995; 17: 22-30.
Kawakami M, Weinstein NJ. Associated neurogenic and nonneurogenic pain mediators that probably are activated and responsible for nociceptive input. In: Weinstein JN, Gordon SL (eds). Low back pain. A scientific and clinical overview. Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1995; p. 265-73.
Rosenthal AK, Wostmann RL. Diagnosis pathogenesis, and management of reflex simpathetic distrophy syndrome. Compar Ther 1991; 17:46-50.
Devor M, Wall PD. Plasticity in the spinal cord sensory map following peripheral nerve injury in rats. J Neurosci 1981; 1: 679-684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.01-07-00679.1981
Broton JG, Rosenfeld JP. Rostral trigeminal projections signal perioral facial pain. Brain Res 1982; 243:395-400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(82)90269-4
Terman GW, Shavit Y, Lewis JW, Cannon JT, Liebeskind JC. Intrinsic mechanisms of pain inhibition: activation by stress. Science 1984; 236:231-235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6505691
Meyer RA, Raja SN, Campbell JN. Coupling of action potential activity between unmyelinated fibers in the peripheral nerve of monkey. Science 1985; 227:184-187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3966152
Teixeira MJ. A lesão do trato de Lissauer e do corno posterior da substância cinzenta da medula espinal e a estimulação elétrica do sistema nervoso central para o tratamento da dor por desaferentação [tese]. São Paulo: Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo; 1990.
Calvino B, Villanueva L, Bars D. Dorsal horn (convergent) neurons in the intact anaesthetized arthritic rat. I. Segmental excitatory influences. Pain 1987; 28:81-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(87)91063-3
McWilliams LA, Cox BJ, Enns MW. Mood and anxiety disorders associated with chronic pain: an examination in a nationally representative sample. Pain 2003; 106:127-133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00301-4
Wörtz R. Pain – Clinical updates – Pain depression. Seattle: IASP Press; 1994.
Magni G, Caldieron C, Rigatti-Luchini S, Merskey H. Chronic musculoskeletal pain and depressive symptoms in the general population. An analysis of the 1st
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Pain 1990; 43:293-300.
Sullivan MJ, Reesor K, Mikail S, Fisher R. The treatment of the depression in chronic low back pain: review and recommendations. Pain 1992; 50:5-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(92)90107-M
Hirschfeld RM, Klerman GL, Andreasen NC, Clayton PJ, Keller MB. Situational major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1985; 42:1109-1114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790340093013
Fishman SM, Greenber D. Psychosocial issues in the treatment of pain. In: Borssk D, LeBel AA, McPeek B (eds). The Massachussetts General Hospital Handbook of Pain Management. New York: Little Brown; 1996. p.379-393.
Bradley JJ. Severe localized pain associated with the depressive syndrome. Br J Psychiatr 1963; 109:741-745. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.109.463.741
Lindsay P, Wyckoff M. The depression pain syndromes and its response to antidepressants. Psychosomatics 1981; 22:571-577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(81)73478-9
Von Knorring L, et al. Pain as a symptom in depressive disorders. I. Relationship to diagnostic subgroup and depressive symptomatology. Pain 1983; 15:19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(83)90003-9
Ward NG. Pain and depression. In: Bonica JJ (ed). The Management of pain. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1990. p. 310-319.
Kramlinger KG, Swanson DW, Maruta T. Are patients with chronic pain depressed? Am J Psychiatr 1983; 140: 747-749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.140.6.747
Maruta T, Vatterott MK, Mchardy MJ. Pain management as an antidepressant: long-term resolution of pain-associated depression. Pain 1989, 36:335-337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(89)90093-6
Breitbart W. Psychiatric management of cancer pain. Cancer 1989; 63(Suppl): 2336-2342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19890601)63:11<2336::AID-CNCR2820631144>3.0.CO;2-7
Bond MR. Cancer pain: psychological substrates and therapy. In: Fields HL, Dubner R. Cervero F. Advances in pain research and therapy: proceedings of the Fourth World Congress on Pain. New York: Raven Press; 1985; p.559-567.
Coyle N. Characteristics of advanced cancer as terminall illness. J Pain Symp Man. 1990; 5:83-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-3924(05)80021-1
Body JJ, Weissman MM. Epidemiology of affective disorders. A reexamination and future directions. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1981; 38:1039-1046. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780340091011
Sociedade Brasileira de Psiquiatria Clínica. Depressão em atenção primária: detecção, diagnóstico e tratamento. Ribeirão Preto; 1994.
Clark DC, Cavanaugh SA, Gibbons RD. The core symptoms of depression in medical and psychiatric patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 1983; 171: 705-713. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198312000-00001
Wells KB, Golding JM, Burnam MA. Psychiatric disorder in a sample of the general population with and without chronic medical conditions. Am J Psychiatr 1988; 45:976-981.
Van Houdenhove B, Onghena P. Depression and physical illness. In: Robertson MM, Katona CLE (eds). Wiley: Chichester; 1997. p. 465-497.
Dworkin RH, Richlin DM, Handlin DS, Brand L. Predicting treatment response in depressed and non-depressed chronic pain patients. Pain 1986; 24:343-353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(86)90120-X
Herr KA, Mobily PR. Interventions related to pain. Nurs Clin North Am 1992; 27: 347-369.
Spiegel D, Bloom JR. Pain in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer 1983; 52:341-345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19830715)52:2<341::AID-CNCR2820520227>3.0.CO;2-G
Buckerg J, Penman D, Holland JC. Depression in hospitalized cancer patients. Psychosom Med 1984; 46:199-212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-198405000-00002
Costa-Pires MEB. Contribuição para o estudo do estado depressivo: desenvolvimento de um questionário para sua avaliação [dissertação]. Ribeirão Preto: Escola
de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo; 1984.
Herry KA, Mobily PR. Interventions related to pain. Nurs Clin North Am 1992; 27: 347-369.
Fishbain DA, Rosomoff HL, Rosomoff RS. Types of pain treatment facilities and referral selection criteria: a review. Arch Fam Med 1995; 4:58-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archfami.4.1.58
Leino P, Magni M. Depressive and distress symptoms as predictors of low back pain, neck-shoulder pain, and other musculoskeletal morbidity: a 10-year follow-up of metal industry employees. Pain 1993; 53: 89-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(93)90060-3
Von Korff A, Dworkin SF, Le Resche L, Kruger A. An epidemiologic comparison of pain complaints. Pain 1988; 32:173-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(88)90066-8
Merskey H. The effect of chronic pain upon the response to noxious stimuli by psyhiatric patients. J Psychosom Res 1965; 8:405-419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(65)90083-8
Pikoff H. Is the muscular model of headache still viable? A review of conflicting data. Headache 1984; 24:186-198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.1984.hed2404186.x
Nouwen A, Bush C. The relationship between paraspinal EMG and chronic low back pain. Pain 1984; 20:109-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(84)90093-9
Stahl SM. Psicofarmacologia dos antidepressivos. Reino Unido: Martin Dunitz; 1997. p. 3-38.
Almay BG, Johansson F. Von Knorring L. Terenius L. Wahlstrom A. Endorphins in chronic: I Differences in CSF endorphin levels between organic and psychogenic pain Syndromes. Pain 1978; 5:153-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(78)90037-4
Blumer D, Heilbronn M. Chronic pain as a variant of depressive disease, the pain-prone disorder J Nerv Ment Dis 1982; 170:381-406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198207000-00001
Yaksh TL, Wilson PR. Spinal serotonin terminal system mediates antiociception. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1979; 208:446-453.
Yaksh TL, Ramana RSV. Studies in the primate on the analgesic effects associated with intrathecal actions of opiates, adrenergic agonists and baclofen. Anesthesiol 1981; 54:451-467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198106000-00004
Weiss JM, Simson PG. Neurochemical basis of stress-induced depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985; 21:447-457.
Sternbach RA. The need for an animal model of chronic pain. Pain 1976; 2: 2-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(76)90041-5
Ward NG, Kokan JA, Ang J, Butler SH. Differential effects of fenfluramine and dextroamphetamine on acute and chronic pain. In: Fields HL, Dubner R, Cervero F (eds). Advances in pain research and therapy. Proceedings of the Fourth World Congress on Pain. New York: Raven Press; 1985. p. 753-760
Sulser F. Molecular mechanisms in antidepressant action. Psychopharmacol Bull 1983; 19: 300-304.
Ghia JN, Mueller RA, Duncan GH, Scott DS, Mao W. Serotonergic activity in man as a function of pain, pain mechanisms, and depression. Anesth Analg 1981; 60:854-861. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1213/00000539-198112000-00002
Oliveira IR, Moreira EC. Manual de psicofarmacologia clínica. Rio de Janeiro: Medsi, 1996; p. 103-147.
Magni G. On the relationship between chronic pain and depression when there is no organic lesion. Pain 1987; 31:1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(87)90002-9
Engle GL. “Psychogenic” pain and the pain-prone patient. Am J Med 1959; 26:899-918. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(59)90212-8
Akiskal HS, McKinney WT. Overview of recent research in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1975; 32:285-305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760210019001
Hendler N. Depression caused by chronic pain. J Clin Psychiatr 1984; 45: 30.
Rudy T, Kerns RD, Turk DC. Chronic pain and depression: toward a cognitive-behavioral mediation model. Pain 1988; 35:129-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(88)90220-5
Herr KA. Chronic pain and depression: testing a cognitive-behavioral mediation model. In: Biennal Convention Nursing Challenge Leadership in Changing Times. Abstracts. Indianapolis: Sigma Theta Tau International 1993. p.244.
Atkinson JH, Ingram RE Jr, Kremer ER, Saccuzzo DP. MMPI subgroups and affective disorder in chronic pain patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 1986; 174:408-413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198607000-00004
Abbey SE, Garfinkel PE. Chronic fatigue syndrome and depression: Cause effect or covariate? Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13(Suppl 1): S73-S83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/13.Supplement_1.S73
Gerber PD, Barret JE, Barret JA, Oxman TE, Manheimer E, Smith R, et al. The relationship of presenting physical complaints to depressive symptoms in primary care patients. J Gen Intern Med 1992; 7: 170-173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02598007
Kittelberger KP, LeBel AA, Borsook D. Assessment of pain. In: Borssk D, LeBel AA, McPeek B (eds). The Massachussetts General Hospital Hándbook of Pain Management. New York: Little Brown; 1966. p. 40
Ramamurthy S, Rogers JN. Decision Making in Pain Management. In: Decker ABC (ed). Ney York: Mosby Year Book; 1993.
Caudill M. Controle a dor antes que ela assuma o controle. São Paulo: Summus Editorial; 2001.
Catalano EM, Hardin KN. Dores Crônicas. São Paulo: Summus Editorial; 2003.
Candeletti S, Romualdi P, Spadaro C, Spampinato S, Ferri S. Studies on the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal salmon calcitonin. Peptides 1985; 6: 273-276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-9781(85)90385-7
Amano N, Hu JW, Sessle BJ. Responses of neurons in feline trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn) to cutaneous, intraoral and muscle afferent stimuli. J Neurophysiol 1986; 55:227-243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1986.55.2.227
Bennett DL, Michael GJ, Ramachandran N, Munson JB, Averill S, Yan Q, et al. A distinct subgroup of small DRG cells express GDNF receptor components and GDNF is propecive for these neurons after nerve injury. J Neurosci 1998; 18:3059-3072. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-08-03059.1998
Koenig TW, Clark M. Advances in Comprehensive pain management. Psychiatric Clin North Am 1996; 19:589-611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70307-5
Markowitz JS, Patrick KS. Venlafaxine- tramadol similarities. Med Hypotheses 1998; 51:167-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9877(98)90112-8
Schreiber S, Backer MM, Pick CG. The antinociceptive effect of venlafaxine in mice is mediated throough opioid and adrenergic mechánisms. Neurosci Lett 1999; 273:85-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00627-8
Cortet B, Houvenagel E, Forzy G, Vincent G, Delcambre B. Evaluation of the effectiveness of serotonin (fluoxetine hydrochloride) treatment. Open study in fibromyalgia. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1992; 59:497-500.
Wolfe F, Cathey MA, Háwley DJ. A double-blind placebo controlled trial of fluoxetine in fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol 1994; 23:255-259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/03009749409103725
Rani PU, Naidu UM, Prasad VB, Rao TR, Shobhá JC. An evaluation of antidepressants in rheumatic pain conditions. Anesth Analg 1996; 83:371-375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199608000-00029
Goldenberg D, Mayskiy M, Mossey C, Rutházer R, Schmid C. A randomized, double-blind crossover trial of fluoxetine and amitripytine in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39:1852-1859. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780391111
Bank J. A comparative study of amitriptyline and fluoxamine in migraine prophylaxis. Headache 1994; 34:476-478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.1994.hed3408476.x
Schreiber S, Backer MM, Yanai J, Pick CG. The antinociceptive effect of fluvoxamine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1996; 6:281-284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-977X(96)00031-4
Nascimento ED. Prophylaxis of migraine: open study venlafaxine in 42 patients. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1998; 56:744-746. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1998000500007
Atkinson JH, Slater MA, Wahlgren DR, Williams RA, Zisook S, Pruitt SD, et al. Effects of noradrenergic and serotonergic antidepressants on chronic low back pain intensity. Pain 1999; 83:137-145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00082-2
Deyo RA. Fads in the treatment of low back pain. N Eng J Med 1991; 325:1039-1040. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199110033251411
