O papel da Aquaporina-4 no Edema Cerebral
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34024/rnc.2006.v14.8746Palavras-chave:
Canais de água, Aquaporinas, Aquaporina 4, Edema cerebralResumo
O edema cerebral, devido a suas repercussões sobre a morbidade e mortalidade de milhões de pacientes em todo o mundo, ainda constitui um desafio para a medicina. A última década trouxe novos conhecimentos sobre como a água transita pelas diversas interfaces de membrana no cérebro. Hoje sabemos que várias proteínas que formam canais estão envolvidas na redistribuição de volumes de água pelo tecido cerebral. Essas proteínas, chamadas aquaporinas, descobertas em 1992, estão elucidando diversos mecanismos da distribuição de água no cérebro e, possivelmente, serão alvos para novos fármacos com ação potencial sobre o edema cerebral. Nossa expectativa sobre essas possibilidades é reforçada pelo conhecimento de que, há muitos anos, já manipulamos proteínas similares usando fármacos hoje bem conhecidos.
Referências
Kimelberg HK. Current Concepts of Brain Edema, Review of Laboratory Investigations. J Neurosur 1995; 83:1051-1059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1995.83.6.1051
Lenart B, Kintner DB, Shull GE, Sun D. Na-K-Cl Cotransporter-Mediated Intracellular Na+ Accumulation Affects Ca2+ Signaling in Astrocytes in an In Vitro Ischemic Model. J Neurosci 2004; 24:9585-9597. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2569-04.2004
Kimelberg HK. Astrocytic Swelling in Cerebral Ischemia As a possible Cause of Injury and Target for Therapy. Glia 2005; 50:389397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.20174
Iencean SM. Brain edema a new classification. Med Hypothesis 2003; 61:106-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9877(03)00127-0
Unterberg AW, Stover J, Kress B, Kiening KL. Edema and brain trauma. Neuroscience 2004; 129:1019-1027. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.046
Agre P, King LS, Yasui M, Guggino WMB, Ottersen OP, Fujiyoshi Y, et al. Aquaporin water channelsfrom atomic structure to clinical medicine. J Phisiol 2002; 542: 3-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2002.020818
Itoh T, Rai T, Kuwahara M, Ko SBH, Uchida S, Sasak S, et al. Identification of a novel aquaporin, AQP12, expressed in pancreatic acinar cells. Biochem Biophys Res Communic 2005; 330(3): 832-838. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.046
Amiry-Moghaddam M, Ottersen OP. The molecular basis of water transport in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003; 4:991-1001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1252
Agre P, Kozono D. Aquaporin water channels: molecular mechanisms for human diseases. Febs Letters 2003; 555:72-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01083-4
Zhu F, Tajkhorshid E, Schulten K. Molecular dynamics study of aquaporin-1 water channel in a lipid bilayer. Febs Letters 2001; 504:212-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02749-1
Jensen MO, TajkhorshIid E, Schulten K. Electrostatic tuning of permeation and selectivity in iquaporin water channels. Biophysis J 2003; 85: 2884-2899. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74711-0
Burykin A, Warshel A. On the origin of the electrostatic barrier for proton transport in aquaporin. Febs Letters 2004; 570:41-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2004.06.020
Chakrabarti N, Tajkhorshid E, Roux B, Pomès R. Molecular Basis of Proton Blockage in Aquaporins. Structure 2004; 1:65-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2003.11.017
Badaut J, Lasbennes F, Magistretti PJ, Regli L. Aquaporins in brain: distribution, physiology, and pathophysiology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22:367- 378. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200204000-00001
Venero JL, Vizuete ML, Machado A, Cano J. Aquaporins in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2001;63: 321- 336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0082(00)00035-6
Lu M, Lee MD, Smith BL, Jung JS, Agre P, Verdijk MA, et al. The human AQP4 gene: definition of the locus encoding two water channel polypeptides in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:10908-10912. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.20.10908
Furman CS, Gorelck FDA, Davidson KG, Yasumura T, Neely JD, Agre P, et al. E. Aquaporin-4 square array assembly: opposing actions of M1 and M23 isoforms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100:13609-13614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2235843100
Preston GM, Jung JS, Gugino WB, Agre P. The mercury sensitive residue at cysteine 189 in the CHIP28 water channel. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:17-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54108-9
Gunnarson E, Zelenina M, Aperia A. Regulation of brain aquaporins. Neuroscience 2004; 129:945-953. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.022
Gunnarson E, Axehult G, Baturina G, Zelenin S, Zelenina M, Aperia A. Lead induces increased water permeability in astrocytes expressing aquaporin 4. Neuroscience 2005; 136:105-114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.027
Nagelhus EA, Mathiisen TM, Ottersen OP. Aquaporin-4 in the central nervous system: Cellular and subcellular distribution and coexpression with KIR4.1. Neuroscience 2004; 129:905-913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.053
Neely JD, Miry-Moghaddam M, Ottersen OP, Froehner SC, Agre P, Adams ME. Syntrophin-dependent expression and localization of Aquaporin-4 water channel protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:14108-14113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.241508198
Bezprozvanny I, Maximov A. Classification of PDZ domains. Febs Letters 2001; 509:457- 462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(01)03214-8
Amiry-Moghaddam M, Otsuka T, Hurn PD, Traystman RJ, Finn-Mogens H, Froehner SC, et al. An alpha-syntrophin-dependent pool of AQP4 in astroglial end-feet confers bidirectional water flow between blood and brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100:2106-2111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0437946100
Amiry-Moghaddam M, Xue R, Haug FM, Neely JD, Bhardwaj A, Agre P, et al. Alpha-syntrophin deletion removes the perivascular but not endothelial pool of aquaporin-4 at the blood-brain barrier and delays the development of brain edema in an experimental model of acute hyponatremia. FASEB J 2004; 18:542- 544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.03-0869fje
Amiry-Moghaddam M, Frydenlund DS, Ottersen OP. Anchoring of aquaporin- 4 in brain: Molecular mechanisms and implications for the physiology and pathophysiology of water transport. Neuroscience 2004; 129:997-1008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.049
Crosbie RH, Dovico AS, Flanagan JD, Chamberlain JS, Ownby CL, Campbell KP. Characterization of aquaporin-4 in muscle and muscular dystrophy. FASEB J 2002; 16:943- 949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.01-0327com
Frigeri A, Nicchia GP, Balena R, Nico B, Svelto M. Aquaporins in skeletal muscle: reassessment of the functional role of aquaporin-4. FASEB J 2004; 18:905-907. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.03-0987fje
Papadoulos MC, Manley GT, Krishna S, Verkman AS. Aquaporin-4 facilitates reabsorption of excess fluid in vasogenic brain edema. FASEB J 2004; 18:1291-1293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.04-1723fje
Griesdale DE, Honey CR. Aquaporins and brain edema. Surg Neurol 2004; 61: 418-421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surneu.2003.10.047
Meng S, Qiao M, Lin L, Del Bigio MR, Tomanek B, Tuor UI. Correspondence of AQP4 expression and hypoxic-ischaemic brain oedema monitored by magnetic resonance imaging in the immature and juvenile rat. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:2261-2269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03315.x
Manley GT, Fujimura M, Ma T, Noshita N, Filiz FM, Bollen AW, et al. Aquaporin- 4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema after acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke. Nat Med 2000; 6:159-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/72256
Papadopoulos MC, Saadoun S, Binder DK, Manley GT, Krishna S, Verkman AS. Molecular mechanisms of brain tumor edema. Neuroscience 2004; 129:1009-1018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.05.044
King LS, Yasui M, Agre P. Aquaporins in health and disease. Mol Med Today 2000; 6:60-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1357-4310(99)01636-6
Vizuete ML, Venero JL, Vargas C, Ilundáin AA, Echevarría M, Machado A, et al. Differential up regulation of aquaporin-4 mRNA expression in reactive astrocytes after brain injury: potential role in brain edema. Neurobil Dis 1999; 6:245-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/nbdi.1999.0246
Saadoun S, Papadoulos MC, Davies DC, Krishna S, Bell BA. Aquaporin-4 expression is increased in oedematous human brain tumours. Curr Pharmacol 2001; 7:1475-1503.
Saadoun S, Papadoulos MC, Davies DC, Bell BA, Krishna S. Increased aquaporin 1 water channel expression in human brain tumours. Brtish J Cancer 2002; 87:621- 623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600512
Fatouros PP, Marmarou A. Use of Magnetic resonance imaging for in vivo measurements of water content in human brain: method and normal values. J Neurosur 1999; 90:109-115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1999.90.1.0109
Marmarou A, Fatouros PP, Barzo P, Portella G, Yoshihara M, Tsuji O, et al. Contribution of edema and cerebral blood volume to traumatic brain swelling in head-injured patients J Neurosurg 2000; 93:183-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.93.2.0183
Han Z, Wax MB, Patil RV. Regulation of aquaporin-4 water channels by phorbol ester-dependent protein phosphorylation J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 6001-6004. 41. Kuwahara M, Gu Y, Ishibashi K, Marumo F, Sasaki S. Mercury-sensitive residues and pore site in AQP3 water channel. Biochemistr 1997; 36(46):13973-13978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/bi9711442
Rocha JL, Friedman E, Boson WL, De Marco LA. Diabetes insipidus nefrog ênico: conceitos atuais de fisiopatologia e aspectos clínicos. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 2000; 44:290-299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302000000400004
Li Y, Shaw S, Kamsteeg EJ, Vandewalle A, Deen PM. Development of Lithium- Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Is Dissociated from Adenylyl Cyclase Activity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:1063-1072. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005080884
Gao J, Wang X, Chang Y, Zhang J, Song Q, Yu H, et al. Acetazolamide inhibits osmotic water permeability by interaction with aquaporin-1. Anal Biochem 2006; 350:165-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2006.01.003
Landis DMD, Weinstein LA, Skordeles CJ. Effects of dexamethasone on the differentiation of membrane structure in cultured astrocytes. Glia 1991; 4:335-344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.440040402
Simard M, Nedergaard M. The Neurobiology of Glia in the Context of Water and Ion Homeostasis. Neuroscience 2004; 129:877-896. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.053
Meaney JF, Williams CE, Humphrey PR. Case report: transient unilateral cerebral oedema in hemiplegic migraine: MR imaging and angiography. Clin Radiol 1996;51:72-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-9260(96)80226-1
Kors EE, Terwindt GM, Vermeulen FL, Fitzsimons RB, Jardine PE, Heywood P, et al. Delayed cerebral edema and fatal coma after minor head trauma: role of the CACNA1A calcium channel subunit gene and relationship with familial hemiplegic migraine. Ann Neurol 2001; 49:753-760. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.1031
Kors EE, Vanmolkot KR, Haan J, Van den Maagdenberg AM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD, et al. From gene to disease; familial hemiplegic migraine as a result of mutations in a sodium-potassium pump gene. Neurology 2004; 148: 1919-1920.
Koenderinka JB, Zifarelli G, Qiu LY, Schwarz W, De Pont JJ, Bamberg E, et al. Na-K-ATPase mutations in familial hemiplegic migraine lead to functional inactivation. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1669:61-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.01.003
Tottene A, Pivotto F, Fellin T, Cesetti T, Van den Maagdenberg AMJM, PietrobonJ D. Specific Kinetic Alterations of Human CaV2.1 Calcium Channels Produced by Mutation S218L Causing Familial Hemiplegic Migraine and Delayed Cerebral Edema and Coma after Minor Head Trauma. Biol Chem 2005; 280:17678-17686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M501110200
