A influência do desjejum e do exercício físico na cognição de escolares: uma revisão

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34024/rnc.2021.v29.11682

Palavras-chave:

crianças, desjejum, exercício físico, função executiva

Resumo

Introdução. A má alimentação e o sedentarismo estão entre os fatores que mais contribuem para o agravo do estado de saúde na infância, sendo associados a dificuldades e problemas de aprendizagem durante o período de escolarização. Estudos sugerem que crianças em idade escolar podem ter desempenho cognitivo aprimorado pelo consumo regular do café da manhã, bom condicionamento físico e da prática de exercícios físicos. Objetivo. Partindo do princípio de que muitas crianças em idade escolar não consomem o café da manhã todos os dias e, também não atingem as metas de exercício recomendadas por diretrizes de saúde, no presente estudo realizou-se uma revisão narrativa da literatura acerca do consumo do café da manhã, do envolvimento em práticas corporais de crianças, e a sua capacidade de manter e aprimorar as funções cognitivas na infância. Método. A investigação englobou aspectos de consumo, resposta glicêmica e a comparação de carboidratos alimentares presentes no café da manhã, além disso, o envolvimento em aulas de educação física, intervalos ativos e programas de exercício físico e a sua relação com a cognição de crianças em idade escolar. Conclusão. Após revisão de artigos e as suas respectivas contribuições científicas para as temáticas, assume-se uma associação positiva entre o consumo adequado do café da manhã e das práticas de exercício físico com o funcionamento cognitivo ideal para crianças em idade escolar. Sendo sugerido pelos autores pesquisados, a adoção e o incentivo dessas práticas para a rotina das crianças durante o período de escolarização.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Métricas

Carregando Métricas ...

Referências

WHO - World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight (endereço na internet). (acessado em 01/042020. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight#

Malik VS, Willett WC, Hu FB. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2013;9:13-27. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2012.199

Martins AP, Levy RB, Claro RM, Moubarac JC, Monteiro CA. Increased contribution of ultra-processed food products in the Brazilian diet (1987-2009). Rev Saude Publica 2013;47:656-65. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910.2013047004968

Hoyland A, Dye L, Lawton CL. A systematic review of the effect of breakfast on the cognitive performance of children and adolescents. Nutr Res Rev 2009;22:220-43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422409990175

Erickson KI, Hillman CH, Kramer AF. Physical activity, brain, and cognition. Curr Op Behav Sci 2015;4:27-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.005

Hillman CH, Khan NA, Kao SC. The Relationship of Health Behaviors to Childhood Cognition and Brain Health. Ann Nutr Metab 2015;66 (Suppl 3):1-4. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381237

Kao SC, Drollette ES, Scudder MR, Raine LB, Westfall DR, Pontifex MB, et al. Aerobic Fitness Is Associated With Cognitive Control Strategy in Preadolescent Children. J Mot Behav 2017;49:150-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2016.1161594

Diamond A. Executive functions. Annu Rev Psychol 2013;64:135-68. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750

Feldman DE. Synaptic mechanisms for plasticity in neocortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 2009;32:33-55. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135516

Chaddock-Heyman L, Erickson KI, Voss MW, Knecht AM, Pontifex MB, Castelli DM, et al. The effects of physical activity on functional MRI activation associated with cognitive control in children: a randomized controlled intervention. Front Hum Neurosci 2013;7:72. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00072

Ruxton CH, Kirk TR. Breakfast: a review of associations with measures of dietary intake, physiology and biochemistry. Br J Nutr 1997;78:199-213. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970140

de la Hunty A, Gibson S, Ashwell M. Does regular breakfast cereal consumption help children and adolescents stay slimmer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Facts 2013;6:70-85. https://doi.org/10.1159/000348878

Littlecott HJ, Moore GF, Moore L, Lyons RA, Murphy S. 'Breakfast: how important is it really?' A response. Public Health Nutr 2016;19:1720-1. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980016000380

Rampersaud GC, Pereira MA, Girard BL, Adams J, Metzl JD. Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc 2005;105:743-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2005.02.007

O''Neil CE, Nicklas TA. Breakfast Consumption versus Breakfast Skipping: The Effect on Nutrient Intake, Weight, and Cognition. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser 2019;91:153-67. https://doi.org/10.1159/000493707

Sünram-Lea SI. Breakfast, Glycemic Index, and Cognitive Function in School Children: Evidence, Methods, and Mechanisms. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser 2019;91:169-78. https://doi.org/10.1159/000493708

Khan NA, Raine LB, Drollette ES, Scudder MR, Kramer AF, Hillman CH. Dietary fiber is positively associated with cognitive control among prepubertal children. J Nutr 2015;145:143-9. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.198457

Mahoney CR, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB, Samuel P. Effect of breakfast composition on cognitive processes in elementary school children. Physiol Behav 2005;85:635-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.06.023

Khan NA, Hillman CH. The relation of childhood physical activity and aerobic fitness to brain function and cognition: a review. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2014;26:138-46. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2013-0125

Kamijo K, Nishihira Y, Hatta A, Kaneda T, Kida T, Higashiura T, et al. Changes in arousal level by differential exercise intensity. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;115:2693-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2004.06.016

Merege Filho CAA, Alves CRR, Sepúlveda CA, Costa A dos S, Lancha Junior AH, Gualano B. Influência do exercício físico na cognição: uma atualização sobre mecanismos fisiológicos. Rev Bras Med Esp 2014;20:237-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-86922014200301930

Hillman CH, Kamijo K, Scudder M. A review of chronic and acute physical activity participation on neuroelectric measures of brain health and cognition during childhood. Prev Med 2011;52(Suppl 1):S21-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.024

Chang YK, Labban JD, Gapin JI, Etnier JL. The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis [published correction appears in Brain Res. 2012 Aug 27;1470:159]. Brain Res 2012;1453:87-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.068

Basso JC, Suzuki WA. The Effects of Acute Exercise on Mood, Cognition, Neurophysiology, and Neurochemical Pathways: A Review. Brain Plast 2017;2:127-52. https://doi.org/10.3233/BPL-160040

Green BN, Johnson CD, Adams A. Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. J Chiropr Med 2006;5:101-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60142-6

Rampersaud GC. Benefits of breakfast for children and adolescents: update and recommendations for practitioners. Am J Lifestyle Med 2009;3:86-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827608327219

Szajewska H, Ruszczynski M. Systematic review demonstrating that breakfast consumption influences body weight outcomes in children and adolescents in Europe. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010;50:113-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390903467514

Barr SI, DiFrancesco L, Fulgoni VL 3rd. Breakfast consumption is positively associated with nutrient adequacy in Canadian children and adolescents [published correction appears in Br J Nutr 2015;113:190. Br J Nutr 2014;112:1373-83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514002190

Laterra J, Keep R, Betz LA, Goldstein GW. Blood-Brain Barrier. In: Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Albers RW (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1999.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28180/

Paoli A, Tinsley G, Bianco A, Moro T. The Influence of Meal Frequency and Timing on Health in Humans: The Role of Fasting. Nutrients 2019;11:719. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040719

Mink JW, Blumenschine RJ, Adams DB. Ratio of central nervous system to body metabolism in vertebrates: its constancy and functional basis. Am J Physiol 1981;241:R203-12. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1981.241.3.R203

Kuzawa CW, Blair C. A hypothesis linking the energy demand of the brain to obesity risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019;116:13266-75. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816908116

Pollitt E, Leibel RL, Greenfield D. Brief fasting, stress, and cognition in children. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:1526-33. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/34.8.1526

Kobayashi F, Ogata H, Omi N, Nagasaka S, Yamaguchi S, Hibi M, et al. Effect of breakfast skipping on diurnal variation of energy metabolism and blood glucose. Obes Res Clin Pract 2014;8:e201-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2013.01.001

Nas A, Mirza N, Hägele F, Kahlhofer J, Keller J, Rising R, et al. Impact of breakfast skipping compared with dinner skipping on regulation of energy balance and metabolic risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:1351-61. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.151332

Sanchez-Aguadero N, Garcia-Ortiz L, Patino-Alonso MC, Mora-Simon S, Gomez-Marcos MA, Alonso-Dominguez R, et al. Postprandial effect of breakfast glycaemic index on vascular function, glycaemic control and cognitive performance (BGI study): study protocol for a randomised crossover trial. Trials 2016;17:516. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1649-x

Edefonti V, Rosato V, Parpinel M, Nebbia G, Fiorica L, Fossali E, et al. The effect of breakfast composition and energy contribution on cognitive and academic performance: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;100:626-56. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.083683

Wesnes KA, Pincock C, Scholey A. Breakfast is associated with enhanced cognitive function in schoolchildren. An internet based study. Appetite 2012;59:646-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.008

Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Guia alimentar para a população brasileira (endereço na internet). Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2014, 156p. https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/guia_alimentar_populacao_brasileira_2ed.pdf

WHO - World Health Organization. Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children (endereço na internet). Acessado em: 04/03/2015. Disponível em: who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549028

Gilsenan MB, de Bruin EA, Dye L. The influence of carbohydrate on cognitive performance: a critical evaluation from the perspective of glycaemic load. Br J Nutr 2009;101:941-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508199019

Foster-Powell K, Holt SH, Brand-Miller JC. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:5-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.1.5

Ingwersen J, Defeyter MA, Kennedy DO, Wesnes KA, Scholey AB. A low glycaemic index breakfast cereal preferentially prevents children's cognitive performance from declining throughout the morning. Appetite 2007;49:240-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2006.06.009

Cooper SB, Bandelow S, Nute ML, Morris JG, Nevill ME. Breakfast glycaemic index and cognitive function in adolescent school children. Br J Nutr 2012;107:1823-32. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511005022

Micha R, Rogers PJ, Nelson M. The glycaemic potency of breakfast and cognitive function in school children. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010;64:948-57. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.96

Micha R, Rogers PJ, Nelson M. Glycaemic index and glycaemic load of breakfast predict cognitive function and mood in school children: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2011;106:1552-61. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511002303

Benton D, Maconie A, Williams C. The influence of the glycaemic load of breakfast on the behaviour of children in school. Physiol Behav 2007;92:717-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.065

Brindal E, Baird D, Slater A, Danthiir V, Wilson C, Bowen J, et al. The effect of beverages varying in glycaemic load on postprandial glucose responses, appetite and cognition in 10-12-year-old school children. Br J Nutr 2013;110:529-37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512005296

Jennings A, Cassidy A, van Sluijs EM, Griffin SJ, Welch AA. Associations between eating frequency, adiposity, diet, and activity in 9-10 year old healthy-weight and centrally obese children. Obesity 2012;20:1462-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2012.72

Wagner A, Dallongeville J, Haas B, Ruidavets JB, Amouyel P, Ferrieres J, et al. Sedentary behaviour, physical activity and dietary patterns are independently associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab 2012;38:428-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2012.04.005

Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Kinross J, Burcelin R, Gibson G, Jia W, et al. Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions. Science 2012;336:1262-7. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1223813

Rajilić-Stojanović M. Function of the microbiota. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013;27:5-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.006

Holscher HD. Dietary fiber and prebiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota. Gut Microbes 2017;8:172-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2017.1290756

Papathanasopoulos A, Camilleri M. Dietary fiber supplements: effects in obesity and metabolic syndrome and relationship to gastrointestinal functions. Gastroenterology 2010;138:65-72. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.11.045.

Sandercock GR, Voss C, Dye L. Associations between habitual school-day breakfast consumption, body mass index, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in English schoolchildren. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010;64:1086-92. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.145

Hawley JA, Hargreaves M, Joyner MJ, Zierath JR. Integrative biology of exercise. Cell 2014;159:738-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.029

Drollette ES, Scudder MR, Raine LB, Moore RD, Saliba BJ, Pontifex MB, et al. Acute exercise facilitates brain function and cognition in children who need it most: an ERP study of individual differences in inhibitory control capacity. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014;7:53-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2013.11.001

Dias MB, Pereira RMS, Brito SV, Browne R, Ramos IA, Campbell CSG. Efeito de brincadeiras ativas sobre o desempenho escolar em crianças. Edu Fís Rev 2013;7:1-17. https://portalrevistas.ucb.br/index.php/efr/article/view/3938

Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, O'Leary KC, Scudder MR, Wu CT, Catelli DM, et al. The effects of an afterschool physical activity program on working memory in preadolescent children. Dev Sci 2011;14:1046-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01054.x

Hillman CH, Pontifex MB, Castelli DM, Khan NA, Raine LB, Scudder MR, et al. Effects of the FITKids randomized controlled trial on executive control and brain function. Pediatrics 2014;134:e1063-71. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3219

Donnelly JE, Lambourne K. Classroom-based physical activity, cognition, and academic achievement. Prev Med 2011;52(Suppl 1):S36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.021

Guinhouya BC, Lemdani M, Vilhelm C, Hubert H, Apété GK, Durocher A. How school time physical activity is the "big one" for daily activity among schoolchildren: a semi-experimental approach [published correction appears in J Phys Act Health 2009;6:674]; J Phys Act Health 2009;6:510-9. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.4.510

van den Berg V, Salimi R, de Groot RHM, Jolles J, Chinapaw MJM, Singh AS. "It's a Battle… You Want to Do It, but How Will You Get It Done?": Teachers' and Principals' Perceptions of Implementing Additional Physical activity in School for Academic Performance. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14:1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101160

Kohl HW III, Cook HD, Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment; Food and Nutrition Board; Institute of Medicine (eds.). Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2013. https://doi.org/10.17226/18314

Pellegrini AD, Davis PD. Relations between children's playground and classroom behaviour. Br J Educ Psychol 1993;63:88-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1993.tb01043.x

WHO (World Health Organization). Physical Activity (endereço na internet). Acessado em 23/02/2018. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity

American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.

Jarrett OS, Maxwell DM, Dickerson C, Hoge P, Davies G, Yetley A. Impact of recess on classroom behavior: Group effects and individual differences. J Edu Res 1998;92:121-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220679809597584

Ramos IA, Costa RC, Brito SV, Aguiar SS, Castro HO, Campbell CSG. Associação entre aptidão física, estratégias de aprendizagem e desempenho escolar em crianças de nove a 11 anos. J Phys Educ 2018;29:e-2973. https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v29i1.2973

Mahar MT, Murphy SK, Rowe DA, Golden J, Shields AT, Raedeke TD. Effects of a classroom-based program on physical activity and on-task behavior. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006;38:2086-94. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000235359.16685.a3

Mahar MT. Impact of short bouts of physical activity on attention-to-task in elementary school children. Prev Med 2011;52(Suppl 1):S60-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.026

Egger F, Benzing V, Conzelmann A, Schmidt M. Boost your brain, while having a break! The effects of long-term cognitively engaging physical activity breaks on children's executive functions and academic achievement. PLoS One 2019;14:e0212482. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212482

Brito SV, Dias MB, Ramos IAV, Pereira RM, Bodnariuc EF, Campbell CSG. Brincando e aprendendo: Aprimorando o desempenho escolar e comportamento de crianças através de aulas de reforço de educação física escolar integradas ao conteúdo escolar. LICERE 2017;20:305-33. https://doi.org/10.35699/1981-3171

Ericsson I. Motor skills, attention and academic achievements - an intervention study in school year 1-3. Bri Educ Res J 2008;34:301-13.

https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920701609299

Grieco LA, Jowers EM, Bartholomew JB. Physically active academic lessons and time on task: the moderating effect of body mass index. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41:1921-6. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a61495

Castelli DM, Glowacki E, Barcelona JM. Active Education: Growing Evidence on Physical Activity and Academic Performance. San Diego: Active Living Research, 2015. https://activelivingresearch.org/sites/activelivingresearch.org/files/ALR_Brief_ActiveEducation_Jan2015.pdf

Diamond A. Close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and of the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex. Child Dev 2000;71:44-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00117

Davis CL, Tomporowski PD, McDowell JE, Austin BP, Miller PH, Yanasak NE, et al. Exercise improves executive function and achievement and alters brain activation in overweight children: a randomized, controlled trial. Health Psychol 2011;30:91-8. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021766

Howie EK, Schatz J, Pate RR. Acute Effects of Classroom Exercise Breaks on Executive Function and Math Performance: A Dose-Response Study. Res Q Exerc Sport 2015;86:217-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2015.1039892

Have M, Nielsen JH, Ernst MT, Geji AK, Fredens K, Grontved A, et al. Classroom-based physical activity improves children's math achievement - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2018;13:e0208787. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208787

Trudeau F, Shephard RJ. Relationships of Physical Activity to Brain Health and the Academic Performance of Schoolchildren. Am J Lifestyle Med 2010;4:138-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827609351133

Chomitz VR, Slining MM, McGowan RJ, Mitchell SE, Dawson GF, Hacker KA. Is there a relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement? Positive results from public school children in the northeastern United States. J Sch Health 2009;79:30-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00371.x

Drollette ES, Scudder MR, Raine LB, Moore RD, Saliba BJ, Pontifex MB, et al. Acute exercise facilitates brain function and cognition in children who need it most: an ERP study of individual differences in inhibitory control capacity. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014;7:53-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2013.11.001

Altenburg TM, Chinapaw MJ, Singh AS. Effects of one versus two bouts of moderate intensity physical activity on selective attention during a school morning in Dutch primary schoolchildren: A randomized controlled trial. J Sci Med Sport 2016;19:820-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.003

Vazou S, Smiley-Oyen A. Moving and academic learning are not antagonists: acute effects on executive function and enjoyment. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2014;36:474-85. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0035

Brocki KC, Bohlin G. Executive functions in children aged 6 to 13: a dimensional and developmental study. Dev Neuropsychol 2004;26:571-93. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn2602_3

Chaddock L, Pontifex MB, Hillman CH, Kramer AF. A review of the relation of aerobic fitness and physical activity to brain structure and function in children. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2011;17:975-85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711000567

Scudder MR, Drollette ES, Szabo-Reed AN, Lambourne K, Fenton CI, Donnelly JE, et al. Tracking the relationship between children's aerobic fitness and cognitive control. Health Psychol 2016;35:967-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000343

Monti JM, Hillman CH, Cohen NJ. Aerobic fitness enhances relational memory in preadolescent children: the FITKids randomized control trial. Hippocampus 2012;22:1876-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22023

Chaddock L, Erickson KI, Prakash RS, VanPatter M, Voss MW, Pontifex MB, et al. Basal ganglia volume is associated with aerobic fitness in preadolescent children. Dev Neurosci 2010;32:249-56. https://doi.org/10.1159/000316648

Chaddock L, Erickson KI, Prakash RS, Voss MW, VanPatter M, Pontifex MB, et al. A functional MRI investigation of the association between childhood aerobic fitness and neurocognitive control. Biol Psychol 2012;89:260-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.10.017

LeBlanc AG, Katzmarzyk PT, Barreira TV, Broyles ST, Chaput JP, Church TS, et al. Correlates of Total Sedentary Time and Screen Time in 9-11 Year-Old Children around the World: The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment. PLoS One 2015;10:e0129622. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129622

Galaviz KI, Zytnick D, Kegler MC, Cunningham SA. Parental Perception of Neighborhood Safety and Children's Physical Activity. J Phys Act Health 2016;13:1110-6. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0557

Molnar BE, Gortmaker SL, Bull FC, Buka SL. Unsafe to play? Neighborhood disorder and lack of safety predict reduced physical activity among urban children and adolescents. Am J Health Promot 2004;18:378-86. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.5.378

Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR (eds). Pesquisa sobre o uso da internet por crianças e adolescentes no Brasil: TIC Kids online Brasil 2015. São Paulo: Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil, 2016. https://cetic.br/media/docs/publicacoes/2/TIC_Kids_2015_LIVRO_ELETRONICO.pdf

Telama R, Yang X, Viikari J, Välimäki I, Wanne O, Raitakari O. Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a 21-year tracking study. Am J Prev Med 2005;28:267-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.12.003

Movassagh EZ, Baxter-Jones ADG, Kontulainen S, Whiting SJ, Vatanparast H. Tracking Dietary Patterns over 20 Years from Childhood through Adolescence into Young Adulthood: The Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study. Nutrients 2017;9:990. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090990

Downloads

Publicado

2021-07-22

Como Citar

Lira Guedes, G., Barbosa, J. M. da S., Leite, C. D., Pereira , R. M. dos S., Campbell , C. S. G., & Ramos , I. A. (2021). A influência do desjejum e do exercício físico na cognição de escolares: uma revisão. Revista Neurociências, 29, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.34024/rnc.2021.v29.11682

Edição

Seção

Artigos de Revisão
Recebido: 2021-01-22
Aceito: 2021-04-28
Publicado: 2021-07-22

Artigos mais lidos pelo mesmo(s) autor(es)